BIBLIOGRAPHY and VIDEOS
Amnesty International/United Nations
“Madagascar: Weak Human Rights Protection.” Amnesty International, Nov 2019.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/wp-content/uploads/2021/05/AFRENGLISH.pdf
“Punished for Being Poor: Unjustified, excessive and prolonged pre-trial detention in Madagascar.” Amnesty International, 23 October 2018.
https://www.amnesty.org/en/documents/afr35/8998/2018/en/
“Madagascar: Detainees and Prisoners in Tsiafahy Prison are Living in Overcrowded Conditions.” Amnesty International, 12 Feb 2018.
https://www.amnesty.or.jp/en/news/2019/0508_8091.html
Amnesty International Report 2017/2018: The UN Refugee Agency https://www.refworld.org/reference/annualreport/amnesty/2018/en/120502
"Madagascar Jails Hold More Pre-Trial Prisoners Than Convicted Criminals." Global Issues, Aug. 2020. https://www.globalissues.org/news/2020/08/28/26772
“Madagascar Pre-Trial Detainees Face ‘Life Threatening’ Conditions.” Aljazeera,2018. https://www.aljazeera.com/news/2018/10/23/life-threatening-conditions
“Madagascar Accused of Unjust and Excessive Pre-trial Detention.” Jurist News, 2018. https://www.jurist.org/news/2018/10/unjust-and-excessive-pre-trial-detention
Madagascar: Excessive Use of Pre-trial Detention.” (including video interview with Tamara Leger, Amnesty International). Africa News.
https://www.africanews.com/2019/04/25/madagascar-excessive-use-of-pre-trial-detention
“Madagascar: Excessive of Pre-Trial Detention Continues to Grow with Devastating Impact.” Amnesty International, 2019
https://www.amnesty.org/2019/04/excessive-use-of-pretrial-detention-continues-to-grow
Madagascar’s Prison Shame.” (along with a video). Mail and Guardian. October 2018.
https://mg.co.za/article/2018-10-23-madagascars-prison-shame
“Madagascar Prison Hell.” Amnesty International, 2019.
https://www.amnesty.fr/peine-de-mort
“Madagascar: President Rajoelina must deliver on his promise to decongest prisons.” Amnesty International, 2020.
“Madagascar: Prisoner’s New Diet is a Step in the Right Direction.” Amnesty International, 2019.
https://www.amnesty.org/ar/wp-content/uploads/2023/06/AFR3505192019ENGLISH.pdf
“Extreme Prison Overcrowding Needs Urgent Fix.” United Nations Human Rights. 20 May 2023.
https://www.ohcr//2023/05/madagascar-extreme-prison-overcrowding-needs-urgent-fix-un-experts
“International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.” United Nations, 1966.
UN torture prevention body announces visits for 2025 and adopts General Comment.” 2024.
https://www.ohchr.org/en/2024/07/un-torture-prevention-body-announces-visits-2025
“Humanizing the prison world: a diplomatic victory in Madagascar. “United Nations, 2019. https://www.ohchr.org/2019/12/humanizing-prison-world-diplomatic-victory-madagascar
“Prime Minister’s denouncing of overcrowded prisons must be followed by action.” Amnesty International, 2019.
“Madagascar’s Prison Shame”. Campaign to Decriminalize Poverty & Status.” Nov 2018 https://decrimpovertystatus.org/madagascars-prison-shame
Other including Red Cross
“Le milieu carcéral à Madagascar.” Zazakely Swiss, 10.02.2023.
https://zazakelysuisse.ch/images/documents/Le_milieu_carceral_a_Madagascar.pdf
In Madgascar’s Prisons, Inmates are Malnourished and Starving to Death.” Article published in Libération, Marianne, Paris Match, l’Express, Géo and the National Press. 2014
Madagascar: Malnutrition can turn a prison sentence into a death sentence.” ICRC,
2016.
https://www.icrcnewsroom.org/madagascar-malnutrition-a-death-sentence
“Sentenced to Malnutrition”. The New Humanitarian, 2012. https://www.icrcnewsroom.org/malnutrition-can-turn-a-prison-sentence-into-a-death-sentence
“Madagascar – Jails Hold more Pre-trial Prisoners than Convicted Criminals. Global Issues, 2020.
https://www.globalissues.org/news/2020/08/28/26772
“Madagascar’s Prison Shame”. Decriminalize Poverty and Status. 2018
https://decrimpovertystatus.org/madagascars-prison-shame/
“Nutritional Status of Female Prisoners in Antanimoro Prison.” Pan African Medical Journal, 2019. https://pmc.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/articles/PMC6711675/
“Report Submitted … Universal Periodic Review.” 2019, ACAT Madagascar.
“World Prison Brief: Madagascar.”
https://www.prisonstudies.org/country/madagascar
Malagasy Law Regarding Prison Conditions and Pre-Trial Detention
“Malagasy Law – Criminal Law.” Lexxica.
https://textes.lexxika.com/lois-malagasy/code-penal/
“Madagascar’s Constitution of 2010.” https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Madagascar_2010.pdf
Law No. 2017-013 of July 26 2016, Lexxica.
https://textes.lexxika.com/lois-malagasy/code-de-procedure-penale/#TITRE-VII-%E2%80%93-DE-LA
“Code de Procedure Penal - Avertissement”
https:/code-de-procedure-penale_html/Madagascar_Code_de_procedure_penale.pdf
https://textes.lexxika.com/lois-malagasy/code-de-procedure-penale/#TITRE-VII-%E2%80%93-DE-LA
“Repoblikan' I Madagasikara LOI n° 2007- modifiant et complétant certaines dispositions du Code de Procédure Pénale relative à la détention préventive.”
https://www.assemblee-national.mg/wp-content/uploads/2020/11/L-2007-021-Mod.-CPP-dét°-Prev..pdf
“Malagasy Law - Criminal Law - Decree No. 2006-015 of 17 January 2006.” Lexxika.
https://textes.lexxika.com/lois-malagasy/decret-n2006-015-du-17-janvier-2006
Lack of Due Process – The Justice System Bottleneck
“In Madagascar, Strengthening Access to Justice and Humanizing Detention Conditions.” Agence Française de Développment, 2024.
https://www.afd.fr/fr/actualites/madagascar-justice-detention
“A Study on Corruption in Madagascar's Prisons.” Transparency International, 2024.
https://la1ere.franceinfo.fr/corruption-dans-les-prisons-a-madagascar
“2022 Country Reports on Human Rights: Madagascar.” U.S. Department of State.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2022-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/madagascar
“Madagascar: 2023 Human Rights Report.” U.S. Department of State.”
https://www.state.gov/2024/02/528267_Madagascar-2023-Human-Rights-Report.pdf
“Madagascar: 2024 Human Rights Report.” U.S. Department of State.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2024-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/madagascar
“Madagascar: Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.” U.S. Department of State, 2018. https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/madagascar/
“2023 Country Reports on Human Rights Practices.” U.S. Department of State.
https://www.state.gov/reports/2023-country-reports-on-human-rights-practices/madagascar
International Treaties - Prison Conditions and Pre-Trial Detention
“The United Nations Standard Minimum Rules for the Treatment of Prisoners (Mandela Rules).” Feb 26, 2018.
https://www.wathi.org/amelioration-de-la-justice/the-united-nations-the-nelson-mandela-rules
“Pre-Trial Detention in Africa: Luanda Guidelines.”
https://apcof.org/2017/03/pre-trial-detention-in-africa-luanda-guidelines-trainee-manual.pdf
“United Nation Standard Minimum Rules for Non-custodial Measures (the Tokyo Rules.)” https://www.ohchr.org/united-nations-standard-minimum-rules-non-custodial-measures
“U.N. Bangkok Rules.” Penal Reform International.
https://www.penalreform.org/issues/women/bangkok-rules
Comparative Studies
“Eleven Most Dangerous Prisons in the World.” Tribune, 2024.
https://tribuneonlineng.com/11-most-dangerous-prisons-in-the-world/
“Fifteen Worse Prisons in the World.” Security Journal Americas, 2024
https://securityjournalamericas.com/worst-prisons-in-the-world/
“Ten Worst Prisons in the World.” Security Journal United Kingdom, 2025.
https://securityjournaluk.com/worst-prisons-in-the-world/
\“Men’s Jail in Syria Labeled ‘World’s Worst Prison.’ “ Reprieve, 2024.
https://reprieve.org/uk/2024/05/04/mens-jail-in-syria-labelled-worlds-worst-prison/
“Pre-trial Detention Comparitive Research.” Fair Trials International.
https://www.antoniocasella.eu/nume/EU_pre-trial_detention_.pdf
YouTube VIDEOS for further reference
The Worst Prisons in the World (including Madagascar)
Women Prisoners in Tsiafahy Prison Madagascar
Madagascar Teenagers Jailed Without Trial
Behind Bars: The World's Toughest Prisons
Immersion in the Worst Prisons of Madagascar - Amnesty France
Africa News: Madagascar: Excessive Use of Pre-Trial Detention
Amnesty International: Madagascar - Punished and in Prison for Being Poor
Amnesty International FB: Extreme Overcrowding in Malagasy Prisons
Red Cross: Pests in Madagascar Prison
Plague in Madagascar Prison FB
Amnesty International: Dans l'enfer des prisons de Madagascar
Madagascar Teenagers Jailed - Girls Behind Bars
Red Cross: Malagasy Prisoners Starving to Death
Red Cross: Malnutrition Can Turn a Prison Sentence into a Death Sentence
Inside Madagascar's Most Inhumane Prison
Madagascar's Children Prisoners Convicted of Stealing Vanilla
Immersion dans les Pire Prisons de Madagascar
Dans lenfer des Prisons de Madagascar
Enfer de la prison à d'Antanimora
BBC: Inside Women's Prison in Madagascar
African News: Malagasy Prisoners Starving to Death
Inhumane Prison Conditions in Madagascar
Madagascar’s Prison Shame”. Campaign to Decriminalize Poverty & Status.” Nov 2018
360 BBC: Inside Women's Prisons in Madagascar
A Night of Hell for Women in Antanimoro Prison
Madagascar Children Prisoners Convicted of Stealing Vanilla
\Inhumane Prison Conditions in Madagascar